CNC (Computer Numerical Control) is an automation technology used in many industrial applications. CNC machines are precision machines that are controlled by computer programs and follow a set of predetermined instructions. They are widely used for cutting, drilling, shaping and other machining operations on workpieces. Here are the basic working principles of CNC:
Computer Programming:
The first step is to create the working program of a CNC machine. This program contains a set of instructions often called G-code. G-code is a series of combinations of letters and numbers that specify cut, speed, positioning and other processing parameters.
CAD/CAM Design:
The design of the workpiece is usually done using a Computer Aided Design (CAD) software. Then, Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) software converts the design data into G-code format that the CNC machine can understand.
CNC Control Unit:
CNC machines usually have a control unit. This unit understands the G-code instructions from the computer program and controls the movement of the machine. The control unit usually contains a microprocessor and a set of motor drivers.
Engine Movement:
In CNC machines, a series of motors control the axis. These motors can usually be stepper motors or servo motors. Instructions in the computer program cause the motors to move at a specific speed and position.
Workpiece Positioning:
CNC machines can position the workpiece very precisely. This positioning ensures accuracy and repeatability of the process.
Tool Movement and Machining:
CNC machines have cutting tools that move along a specific path. These tools cut, drill, shape or perform other operations on the workpiece. Movement follows paths and speeds specified in the computer program.
Measurement and Control:
CNC machines are often equipped with sensors and measuring equipment. In this way, the dimensions of the workpiece are constantly checked and corrections are made if necessary.
CNC technology automates production processes, providing faster, more precise and repeatable production. CNC machines are widely used for metal processing, wood processing, plastic processing and many industrial applications.
